Pricing, carbon emission reduction and recycling decisions in a closed-loop supply chain under uncertain environment

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This paper studies the pricing and recycling decision problems in a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) containing manufacturer, downstream retailer, third-party left. The manufacturer is subjected to cap-and-trade regulation determines wholesale price of products carbon emission reduction rate. retailer its resale meet customer demands. left collection rate remanufacturing used products. new product demands, total emissions, recovery these are characterized as uncertain variables due lack historical data or insufficient collected for research. By constructing three decentralized game models, we explore equilibrium solutions under corresponding decision-making situation analytical solutions. Finally, numerical experiments performed show profit members each structure some special insights drawn.</p>